Means 'exalted father.' The original name of Avraham before Yahuah changed it to Avraham as a sign of the covenant.

Achaia: A Roman province in southern Greece.

Ahaz, a king of Judah.

Agrippa: King who heard Paul's case

Aaron, the first High Priest of Israel.

Deep affection and devotion

Ai (meaning 'The Heap' or 'The Ruin') — a Canaanite city near Bethel, conquered by Yisra'el under Yahusha (Joshua). After the initial defeat due to Achan's sin, Yahuah gave the city to Yisra'el on the second attempt.

A people or nation

Descendants of Amaleq

Amon, a king of Judah.

An ancient people group of the hill country, descendants of Kena'an (Canaan).

Amos, a prophet of social justice.

Long-necked giants

Anatot: A city in Benjamin, home to Jeremiah.

Andrew: Apostle and brother of Peter

Antiokhia: A major city where believers were first called Christians.

Aquila: Husband of Priscilla

People of Aram

The mountain range where Nuach's ark came to rest after the flood. Located in modern-day eastern Turkey/Armenia. Pronounced: Ah-rah-raht.

Archelaus: Ethnarch of Judea

Arimathea: Home of Joseph who buried Jesus.

Aristarchus: Thessalonian traveling companion

Ashdod: A major Philistine city.

Asher, son of Jacob and tribe patriarch.

Ashqelon: A Philistine coastal city.

People of Ashshur

Ashur: An ancient Mesopotamian empire.

Means 'father of a multitude.' Originally called Abram, his name was changed by Yahuah to Avraham when the covenant of circumcision was given. The first patriarch of the Hebrew faith and the father of all who believe.

Absalom, son of David who rebelled.

Means 'confusion' or 'gate of El.' The city founded by Nimrod in the land of Shin'ar. Site of the tower built to reach heaven, where Yahuah confused the languages of mankind. Later became Babylon. Pronounced: Bah-bell.

Barabbas: Criminal released instead of Yeshua

Bartholomew: Apostle of Christ

Bar-Jesus: Sorcerer in Cyprus

Barak, a military commander under Deborah.

Babylon — the city and empire that conquered Yahudah and carried the people into exile. A symbol of worldly rebellion against Yahuah.

Inhabitants of Babel

Be'er Sheva: The southernmost city in the land of Israel.

Children of Ammon

A sacred agreement

Bernice: Daughter of Agrippa I

Bet-El: A significant site in the life of Jacob.

Beit Lechem: The birthplace of King David and Jesus.

The Feast of First Fruits, offered on the day after the Sabbath following Pesach. (Leviticus 23:9-14)

Power of discernment

Benjamin — the youngest son of Ya'aqov and Rachel. The tribe of Binyamiyn remained loyal to the house of David.

Caleb, one of the twelve spies.

The inhabitants of the land of Kena'an (Canaan), descendants of Kena'an, son of Cham (Ham).

Kefar Nachum: A fishing village on the Sea of Galilee.

Carmel: A mountain range and city in northern Israel.

Haggai, a minor prophet.

Means 'hot' or 'burnt.' The second son of Nuach (Noah). Father of Kush (Ethiopia/Africa), Mitsrayim (Egypt), Phut (Libya/North Africa), and Kena'an. Ancestor of African and Canaanite nations.

Annas: High Priest

Anna: Prophetess in the Temple

Enoch, who walked with God before being taken.

The Feast of Dedication, an eight-day festival commemorating the rededication of the Temple after the Maccabean revolt.

Habakkuk, a minor prophet.

State of being alive

Steadfast or faithful love

Hiram, King of Tyre.

Descendants of Heth

Villagers; inhabitants of Hivvi

Hezekiah, a godly king of Judah.

Skill in living correctly

Cave dwellers

Absence of illumination

Fixed decrees or ordinances

Qorinthos: A city in Greece known for its church.

Kreta: A large island in the Mediterranean.

Qypros: An island in the Mediterranean.

Acquired knowledge

Damaseq: The capital of Syria.

Dan, son of Jacob and tribe patriarch.

Daniel, a prophet and official in Babylon.

David, the second king of Israel.

Demas: Former companion of Paul

Demetrius: Silversmith in Ephesus

Drusilla: Wife of Felix

Ebal: Mount of cursing near Shechem.

Means 'one from the other side' or 'to cross over.' Son of Shelach, great-grandson of Shem. Many scholars believe the word 'Ibri' (Hebrew) derives from Eber's name. Ancestor of Abrahim. Pronounced: Ay-ber.

Edom — the nation descended from Esav (Esau), brother of Ya'aqov. Located south of the Dead Sea. The Edomites refused passage to the Yisra'eliym during the wilderness journey.

Descendants of Esau

Eqron: One of the five major Philistine cities.

El (singular) is the foundational name meaning 'mighty one' or 'power.' Elohiym (plural) means 'mighty ones.' Together, El Elohiym identifies the one true Creator — the Supreme Creator, the Almighty above all other beings. It refers to the one eternal Creator who is above every mighty one, ruler, authority, power, deity, or being that may be called a god, lord, judge, or elohim. El Elohiym is singular and identifies the Supreme Creator, distinguishing Him from all other beings who may bear titles of authority or be called mighty ones or deities.

Lazarus: Friend of Yeshua raised from death

Elisha, the successor to the prophet Elijah.

Elizabeth: Mother of John the Immerser

Elijah, a prominent prophet of the northern kingdom.

Reliability or reality

Emaus: A village where Jesus appeared after resurrection.

Dwellers in the highlands

Trust or firm belief

Epaphras: Teacher in Colossae

Efesos: A major city in Asia Minor.

Ephraim — the younger son of Yoseph, received the blessing of the firstborn from Ya'aqov. His descendants became a leading tribe of the northern kingdom.

Esau, the brother of Jacob.

Perat: A major river flowing through Mesopotamia.

Eutychus: Man raised by Paul

The terrible ones

Felix: Roman procurator of Judea

Festus: Roman procurator who tried Paul

Philip the Tetrarch

Gad, son of Jacob and tribe patriarch.

The descendants of Gad, son of Ya'aqov (Jacob). One of the twelve tribes of Yisra'el (Israel).

Galil: A region in northern Israel.

Gamaliel: Jewish rabbi and teacher

Azzah: A prominent Philistine city.

Reclaiming or deliverance

Gerizim: Mount of blessing near Shechem.

Giv'on: A major city of the Gibeonites.

Gideon, a military leader and judge.

Gilgal — the first encampment of the Yisra'eliym after crossing the Yarden into the Promised Land, where they renewed the covenant of circumcision and observed the Passover.

A tribal people of Canaan

Nations; people groups

Yavan: The biblical name for the land of Greece.

Chevron: Ancient city where the patriarchs are buried.

Hermon: A mountain on the border of Lebanon and Syria.

Herod: Name of various Judean kings

An ancient people group dwelling in the land of Kena'an (Canaan), descendants of Cheth (Heth), son of Kena'an.

An ancient people group dwelling in the land of Kena'an (Canaan); the Gibeonites were of this people.

The Set-Apart Spirit of Yahuah. 'Ruach' means breath, wind, or spirit. 'HaQodesh' means 'the set-apart' or 'the holy.'

Hosea, a prophet to the northern kingdom.

The Hebrew people — descendants of Eber through the line of Shem. 'Ibri' (singular) means 'one who crosses over' or 'one from the other side.' The ancient name for the people of Yashar'el. Pronounced: Ib-reem.

Ishmael, the son of Abraham and Hagar.

Properly 'Yahudiy' (singular) or 'Yahudiym' (plural), meaning 'of Yahudah (Judah).' Refers to those of the tribe or kingdom of Yahudah.

Job, a man of great patience and suffering.

The inhabitants of Yerushalayim (Jerusalem) before its conquest, descendants of Yebus, son of Kena'an.

Yafo: An ancient port city on the Mediterranean.

Weight or significance of presence

Holy Ones or Saints — those set apart by Yahuah for His purposes.

Means 'lowland' or 'merchant.' Son of Cham, grandson of Nuach. Ancestor of the Canaanite nations who occupied the land promised to Yashar'el. Pronounced: Keh-nah-ahn.

Kena'an — the Promised Land, the territory west of the Yarden that Yahuah promised to Avraham and his descendants. Also the name of the son of Cham whose descendants inhabited the land before the Yisra'eliym conquered it.

Inhabitants of the lowlands

Peter — means 'rock.' The name given by Yahshua to Shim'on, one of the twelve disciples and a foundational leader of the early assembly.

Cleopas: Disciple on road to Emmaus

One who serves in sacred office

Priests — the sons of Aharon set apart to serve before Yahuah in the tabernacle and temple.

Means 'black' or 'dark-skinned.' Son of Cham. Refers to the land and people of ancient Ethiopia and sub-Saharan Africa. Father of Nimrod. Pronounced: Koosh.

Laodikeia: One of the seven churches in Asia Minor.

Levites — the tribe of Lewi set apart for service in the tabernacle and temple, distinct from the Kohaniym.

Levi — the third son of Ya'aqov and Le'ah, founder of the tribe set apart for service in the tabernacle and temple.

Lod: An ancient town in the coastal plain.

A title meaning 'master' or 'sovereign.' When written as 'LORD' in all capitals in most English Bibles, it replaces the sacred name YAHUAH (יהוה).

Lot, nephew of Abraham who escaped Sodom.

Lydia: Businesswoman of Thyatira

Luke: Physician and companion of Paul

Makedonia: A region in northern Greece visited by Paul.

A heavenly messenger

Malachi, the final prophet of the Old Testament.

Mark: Author of the Gospel

Martha: Sister of Lazarus and Mary

One anointed with oil

Matthias: Apostle chosen to replace Judas

Matthew: Tax collector and apostle

The Feast of Unleavened Bread, a seven-day feast immediately following Pesach, during which no leaven is eaten. (Leviticus 23:6)

The state of ceasing to live

A ruler of a kingdom

Manasseh — the firstborn son of Yoseph. His descendants became one of the half-tribes that settled on the east side of the Yarden.

Mephibosheth, grandson of Saul.

Micah, a minor prophet.

Midyan — a nomadic people descended from Avraham and Keturah, inhabiting the region east of the Gulf of Aqaba. Mosheh fled to Midyan and married Tsipporah, daughter of the priest of Midyan.

Descendants of Midyan

Water used for immersion

Means 'bitter' or 'rebellious.' In the Tanakh, the sister of Mosheh and Aharon, a prophetess. In the Brit Chadashah (New Testament), the name of several women including the mother of Yahshua.

Means 'Mary of Magdala.' A devoted follower of Yahshua, from whom he cast out seven demons. She was present at his crucifixion and was the first to witness his resurrection.

Means 'Mary of Magdala.' A devoted follower of Yahshua, from whom he cast out seven demons. She was present at his crucifixion and was the first to witness his resurrection.

Legal and moral justice

Legal judgments or rulings

Egypt — the land where the sons of Yisra'el were held in bondage before Yahuah delivered them through Mosheh.

The Hebrew name for Egypt, meaning 'two straits' or 'two boundaries.' Son of Cham and ancestor of the Egyptians. The land of bondage for the children of Yashar'el. Pronounced: Mits-rah-yeem.

People of the land of Mizraim

Mitzpeh: A frequent location for assemblies.

A binding commandment

Descendants of Lot's son Mo'av

One who instructs

Moriah: The mountain where Abraham prepared to sacrifice Isaac.

Moses — the prophet and leader chosen by Yahuah to deliver the sons of Yasharel from bondage in Mitsrayim and give them the Torah.

Ha-Zeitim: Mountain ridge east of Jerusalem.

Moses, the prophet who led the Israelites out of Egypt.

Nahum, a minor prophet.

One set before others

Nicodemus: Pharisee who visited Yeshua

Naphtali, son of Jacob and tribe patriarch.

Nathan, a prophet in the time of David.

One who speaks for God

Natsaret: The childhood home of Jesus.

Nevo: The mountain from which Moses viewed the Promised Land.

Living being or life force

The fallen ones

Means 'rebel' or 'we will rebel.' Son of Kush, grandson of Cham. The first great empire-builder after the flood — a mighty hunter who built Babel, Nineveh, and other cities. A type of the anti-Messiah in ancient tradition. Pronounced: Nim-rode.

Ninveh: The capital city of the Assyrian Empire.

Noah, the builder of the ark.

Means 'rest' or 'comfort.' The righteous man chosen by Yahuah to build the ark and preserve life through the great flood. He and his family were the only survivors. Pronounced: Noo-akh.

Onesimus: Runaway slave of Philemon

Physical or spiritual brilliance

Obadiah, a minor prophet.

Awe-filled dread or reverence

The feast commemorating the deliverance of Yashar'el from Mitsrayim (Egypt), when the death angel 'passed over' the houses marked with lamb's blood. (Leviticus 23:5)

Patmos: The island where John received the Revelation.

Variant transliteration of Pesach. The feast commemorating the deliverance of Yashar'el from Mitsrayim (Egypt), when the death angel passed over the houses marked with lamb's blood.

Means 'division' or 'water channel.' Son of Eber, great-great-grandson of Shem. His name marks the time when 'the earth was divided' — likely referring to the division of languages and nations at Babel. Pronounced: Peh-leg.

People of the land of Pelishet

Pergamos: A city in Asia Minor known for its library.

An ancient people group dwelling in the land of Kena'an (Canaan).

Rural dwellers

Paras: An ancient empire mentioned in the books of Esther and Daniel.

The feast commemorating the deliverance of Yashar'el from Mitsrayim (Egypt), when the death angel passed over the houses marked with lamb's blood. (Leviticus 23:5)

Filadelfia: One of the seven churches of Revelation.

Filippi: A city in Macedonia.

Philip: One of the twelve disciples

Pontius Pilate: Roman governor

Priscilla: Wife of Aquila

The Feast of Lots, commemorating the deliverance of Yashar'el from the plot of Haman as recorded in the book of Hadassah (Esther).

Ancient or eastern peoples

Set apart for divine use

Caiaphas: High Priest who tried Yeshua

Smiths; descendants of the Kenite tribe

Cornelius: First Gentile convert

Qumran: Site of the discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls.

Ramah: A town in the territory of Benjamin.

Reuben — the firstborn son of Ya'aqov and Le'ah. Founder of the tribe of Re'uven.

Giants or spirits of the dead

The descendants of Re'uven (Reuben), the firstborn son of Ya'aqov (Jacob). One of the twelve tribes of Yisra'el (Israel).

One who guides flocks

Roma: The capital of the Roman Empire.

Means 'breath,' 'wind,' or 'spirit.' Used throughout scripture to describe the animating force of life, the spirit of man, and the Spirit of Yahuah. Pronounced: Roo-akh.

The seventh day of the week, a day of rest and set-apart worship. Established at creation (Genesis 2:2-3) and commanded in the Ten Commandments (Exodus 20:8-11).

Shomron: The capital city of the Northern Kingdom of Israel.

A chief or high officer

Sardis: Ancient capital of Lydia.

The Sea of Suph (Reed Sea) — the body of water that Yahuah parted for Mosheh and the Yisra'eliym to escape the army of Mitsrayim. Also refers to the Gulf of Aqaba and the Red Sea region.

Book — used throughout the Yahudiym Sefer in place of 'Bible,' signifying the written record of Yahuah's word.

Paul/Saul — means 'asked for.' The Hebrew name of the emissary Sha'ul (Paul), formerly a persecutor of the assembly, called by Yahshua on the road to Damascus.

One sent with authority

Completeness or harmony

The Feast of Weeks (Pentecost), celebrated fifty days after Bikkurim. Commemorates the giving of the Torah at Sinai. (Leviticus 23:15-21)

Shekhem: An ancient city in the central highlands.

Solomon, the wise king who built the First Temple.

Means 'name' or 'renown.' The eldest son of Nuach (Noah), ancestor of the Semitic peoples including the Ibriym (Hebrews). The line through which Abrahim, Yashar'el, and Yahshua descended.

Samuel, the last judge and first prophet of Israel.

Shevariym (meaning 'The Breaches' or 'The Broken Places') — a location near Ai mentioned in Joshua 7:5, where the men of Ai pursued and smote thirty-six men of Yisra'el during the first failed attempt to take the city.

Shiloh: The central worship place before the Temple was built.

Simeon — the second son of Ya'aqov and Le'ah, founder of the tribe of Shim'on.

Shimei, who cursed King David.

Simeon: Aged man who blessed Yeshua

Samson, a judge known for his great strength.

The ancient name for the land of Mesopotamia (modern Iraq), particularly the region of Babylon. The land where Nimrod built his first kingdom and where the Tower of Babel was constructed. Pronounced: Shee-nahr.

One who decides and governs

A subordinate officer

Tsidon: An ancient Phoenician city.

Silas: Traveling companion of Paul

Sinai: Mountain where the Law was given to Moses.

Smyrna: One of the seven churches of Revelation.

A keeper of records or laws

Stephen: First Christian martyr

The Feast of Tabernacles (Booths), a seven-day feast where Yashar'el dwells in booths to remember the wilderness journey. (Leviticus 23:33-43)

Suph — meaning 'reed.' Used in 'Sea of Suph' (Yam Suph), the Reed Sea or Red Sea that Yahuah parted for the Yisra'eliym.

Thomas: Apostle often called Didymus

Ritually pure or clean

A student or follower

Ritually defiled or unclean

Tarsos: The birthplace of the apostle Paul.

Returning to the right path

Theophilus: Recipient of Luke and Acts

Thessalonike: A city in Macedonia where Paul preached.

Thyateira: One of the seven churches of Revelation.

Tiberias: City built on the Sea of Galilee.

Chiddeqel: One of the four rivers of Eden.

Timothy: Protégé of the Apostle Paul

Titus: Missionary companion of Paul

Law or Instruction — the teaching given by Yahuah through Mosheh, containing the commandments, ordinances, and statutes for His people.

Trophimus: Traveling companion of Paul

Zephaniah, a minor prophet.

Zedekiah, the last king of Judah.

Zion — the set-apart mountain of Yahuah, synonymous with Yerushalayim and the dwelling place of the Most High.

Tychicus: Colleague of Paul

Tsor: A Phoenician coastal city.

Act of right conduct

Moral and judicial rectitude

Uzziah, a king of Judah.

Means 'heel holder' or 'supplanter.' The twin son of Yitschaq and Rivqah. Later renamed Yashar'el after wrestling with the angel of Yahuah. The third patriarch of the Hebrew faith.

Means 'heel holder' or 'supplanter.' The twin son of Yitschaq and Rivqah. Later renamed Yashar'el after wrestling with the angel of Yahuah. The third patriarch of the Hebrew faith.

Means 'heel holder' or 'supplanter.' The twin son of Yitschaq and Rivqah. Later renamed Yashar'el after wrestling with the angel of Yahuah. The third patriarch of the Hebrew faith.

The Hebrew name of the Messiah meaning 'Yah is salvation.' He is the Mashiach (Anointed One) — the one set apart by Yahuah. The name was transliterated through Greek (Iesous) and Latin (Iesus) before becoming 'Jesus' in English. The letter J did not exist until the 16th century. His name carries the Father's name — Yah.

John — means 'Yahuah is gracious.' In the Brit Chadashah, the name of the Yokhanan who immersed Yahshua, and the disciple whom Yahshua loved.

Judah — the fourth son of Ya'aqov and Le'ah. From his line came King David and ultimately the Messiah, Yahshua. His descendants became the Yahudiym.

Israelites of the tribe or kingdom of Yahudah (Judah), preserved as a distinct people group throughout history.

Yahusha — meaning 'Yahuah is salvation.' The successor of Mosheh who led the Yisra'eliym into the Promised Land and commanded the conquest of Kena'an. Not to be confused with Yahshua (the Mashiach).

Means 'expansion' or 'beauty.' The third son of Nuach (Noah). Ancestor of the Indo-European and northern peoples — the Gentile nations. Pronounced: Yah-fet.

The Jordan River — the major river of Yisra'el, flowing from Mount Hermon through the Sea of Galilee to the Dead Sea. The Yisra'eliym crossed the Yarden to enter the Promised Land.

Israel — the name given to Ya'aqov after wrestling with the angel; the chosen nation and people set apart by Yahuah.

Ezekiel, a major prophet in exile.

Jehoshaphat, a righteous king of Judah.

Joshua, the leader who succeeded Moses.

Jehoiakim, a king of Judah.

Jericho — an ancient fortified city near the Yarden, the first city conquered by the Yisra'eliym under Yahusha when the walls fell after seven days of marching.

Jerusalem — the set-apart city chosen by Yahuah as the place of His name, the city of David, and the site of the temple.

Isaiah, a major prophet.

Deliverance and rescue

Descendants of Yebus

Jephthah, a judge of Israel.

Jeremiah, a major prophet.

Descendants of Yishma'el

Yisra'el — the name given to Ya'aqov after wrestling with the angel, meaning 'he who strives with El.' Also the name of the nation descended from his twelve sons, the covenant people of Yahuah.

Israelites — the descendants of Yisra'el (Ya'aqov), the chosen nation and people set apart by Yahuah.

Issachar, son of Jacob and tribe patriarch.

Means 'he laughs.' The promised son born to Avraham and Sarah in their old age. The second patriarch of the Hebrew faith. Father of Ya'aqov and Esav.

Joab, commander of David's army.

Joel, a minor prophet.

The Day of Atonement, the holiest day of the year, a day of fasting, repentance, and atonement. (Leviticus 23:26-32)

The Feast of Trumpets, a holy convocation marked by the blowing of shofars. (Leviticus 23:23-25)

Jonah, the prophet swallowed by a fish.

Jonathan, son of King Saul and friend of David.

Joseph of Arimathea: Buried Yeshua

Joseph — the eleventh son of Ya'aqov, firstborn of Rachel. Sold into slavery by his brothers, he rose to become ruler in Mitsrayim.

Josiah, the king who found the Book of the Law.

Jotham, a king of Judah.

An experienced leader

Zacchaeus: Tax collector of Jericho

Zechariah, a minor prophet.

Zechariah: Father of John the Immerser

Zerubbabel, leader of the first return from exile.

Zebulun, son of Jacob and tribe patriarch.

Tsiqlag: A town given to David by Achish.

A roaming people group

Stayed, remained, or dwelt. An archaic past tense of "abide," meaning to remain or stay.

Deceived, tricked, or misled. An archaic word meaning to cheat or deceive someone.

In modern English, a large human settlement. However, in the ancient biblical world, what translations call "cities" were often city-states that functioned as small kingdoms under a king. The Yahudiym Sefer annotates "city" with "kingdom" to reflect this political reality.

Patched or mended with pieces. An archaic word referring to something repaired with patches.

Hurried. An archaic past tense of "haste," meaning to move quickly.

Woodcutters; those who chop or cut wood. An archaic phrase for laborers who cut wood.

A realm or domain ruled by a king. In the ancient biblical world, what modern translations often call "cities" or "nations" were actually kingdoms — politically organized territories under a king's rule. The Yahudiym Sefer uses "kingdom" alongside "city" and "nation" to reflect this ancient political reality.

Plural of kingdom. In the ancient biblical world, what modern translations call "cities" or "nations" were actually kingdoms — politically organized territories under a king's rule. The Yahudiym Sefer uses "kingdoms" alongside "cities" and "nations" to reflect this ancient political reality.

Those lying in ambush; people hidden and waiting to attack. An archaic phrase for ambushers.

Moldy. An archaic spelling of "moldy," meaning covered with mold or decayed.

Complained, grumbled, or spoke against. An archaic term for expressing discontent or complaint.

In modern English, a large body of people united by common descent, history, or language. However, in the ancient biblical world, what translations call "nations" were actually kingdoms — politically organized territories under a king's rule. The Yahudiym Sefer annotates "nation" with "kingdom" to reflect this ancient political reality.

Near or close by. An archaic word meaning near in distance or time.

Plunder, spoils, or loot taken in battle. An archaic term for that which is seized by force.

Torn or ripped. An archaic past tense of "rend," meaning to tear apart.

Killed. An archaic past tense of "slay," meaning to kill.

Struck, hit, or killed. An archaic past tense of "smite," meaning to strike with force.

Courage, bravery, or worth. An archaic/British spelling of "valor."

Food, provisions, or sustenance for a journey. An archaic English word for food supplies.

Craftily, deceitfully, or with cunning. An archaic adverb meaning in a cunning or deceptive manner.

Knew. An archaic past tense of "wit," meaning to know or be aware.